Ordlathas
contae
barúntacht
paróiste dlí
baile fearainn
imfhálú
Ordlathas
contae
barúntacht
paróiste dlí
baile fearainn
Nóta mínithe
- Gaeilge
the fort of —?
Ní léir bunús an cháilitheora.Dún mór é seo a bhfuil cur síos le fáil san Fhardal Seandálaíochta (‘Identified by E. Kelly of the National Museum of Ireland as a Longphort...’). Mheas an Donnabhánach gur anseo a tharla Cosccradh longphuirt Rothlaibh a luann na Ceithre Mháistrí faoin mbliain 860AD, ach níl an t-ionannú sin slán in aon chor.
Agus é ar obair pháirce i Laois i 1838, luaigh Ó Donnabháin ceann de na sleachtanna as na hAnnála (aistrithe go Béarla) a thug sé leis: ‘A.D. 860 The fort of Rothlaibh was devastated by Kennedy, the son of Gaithin, lord of Leix, on the 5th of September, on which occasion Conall Ultach and Lairgnen and many others were killed.’ Scríobh an Donnabhánach, ‘The fort of Rothlaibh is in all probability the present fort of Dunrally in the parish of Moyanna near the place where the river of Moonsanan falls into the Barrow’ (LSO (La) I 236) (cf. #129).
Tá buntéacs Gaeilge na hiontrála seo i gcló aige sna hAnnála (2ú heag., 1856) mar seo a leanas:
Cosccradh longphuirt Rothlaibh la Cindéittidh, mac nGaíthín, tighearna Laighisi isin cúiccidh Id September, agus marbhadh Conuill Ultaigh agus Luirgnen, go sochaidhibh oile immaille friú.
(aistriúchán ÓD) The destruction of Longphort-Rothlaibh by Cinneididh, son of Gaithin, lord of Laighis, on the fifth of the Ides of September; and the killing of Conall Ultach and Luirgnen, with many others along with them.
(nóta) Loughphort [sic!]-Rothluibh: i.e. the Fortress of Rothlabh. This is the place now called Dun-Rathlaigh, anglicè Dunrally, situated close to the River Barrow…
ARÉ I 496 n.x
Bhí cur síos ar an eachtra céanna le fáil in annála eile a gcuirfeadh Ó Donnabháin eagar orthu ina dhiaidh sin (Annals of Ireland: Three Fragments [TF] 1860):
863AD Deargár do tabhairt do Chearball mac Dunlaing, & do Cinnéde mac Gaíthine .i. mac deirbhseathar Cearbhaill for longus Rodlaibh, & bá gairid reme tángattur a Lochlann; & Conall Ultach do mharbhadh ann agus Luirgnen, cum plurimis aliis.
(aistriúchán ÓD) A dreadful slaughter was made of the fleet of Rodlaibh, by Cearbhall, son of Dunlang, and by Cineide, son of Gaeithin, i.e. the son of Cearbhall’s sister; and they [the crews of the fleet] had arrived from Lochlann a short time before; and Conall Ultach and Lairgnen were slain there with many others.
(nóta) The fleet of Rodlaibh.—The F.M., at A.D.860, make it Longphort-Rothlaibh, which may perhaps be a corruption of Longus Rothlaibh, i.e. Rodlaff’s, or Rodolph’s fleet.
Ní luann an Donnabhánach Dunrally an babhta seo!
Tabhair faoi deara sa chóip d'Annála na gCeithre Mháistrí in RIA C iii 3 fol. 324r, gurb é an giorrúchán ‘longp̄t’ a chuireann longpho(i)rt “camp, srl.” in iúl; tugann seo le fios go mb'fhéidir gur míscaoileadh giorrúchán ar nós ‘longȝ’ le haghaidh longus “fleet” san athchóipeáil. Ní hionann sin is a rá go raibh na hannála thuasluaite mar eiseamláir dhíreach ag na Ceithre Mháistrí; is amhlaidh nach eol dúinn cén gaol atá idir an dá théacs. Pé ar domhan de, níl aon rud sna seanannála úd a thacódh le ‘the fort of Rothla(i)bh’. Ag seo eagrán Radner den iontráil chéanna in Fragmentary Irish Annals (1978), sub anno 862AD:
Deargár do thabhairt do Chearbhall mhac Dunlaing & do Cinnedigh mhac Gaithine, .i. mc. deirbhseathar Chearbhaill, for longus Rodlaibh, & bá gairid remhe tangattar a Lochlann; & Conall Ulthach do mharbhadh ann agas Luirgnen, cum plurimis alíis.
Cerball son of Dúnlang and Cennétig son of Gáethíne (i.e. the son of Cerball's sister) defeated Rodolb's [sic] fleet, which had come from Norway shortly before that; and Conall Ultach was killed there, and Luirgnén, and many others.
Leasann Radner an t-ainm ‘[…longus] Rodlaibh’ go ‘Rodolb[’s fleet]’ san aistriúchán aici (cf. an nóta aici ‘Rodolb ... (ON. Hróðúlfr) (Norw. Leader. Port Láirge): defeated by Cerball m. Dúnlaing …’ FIA 226. Is é an tuiscint chéanna a bhí ag Whitley Stokes .i. nach raibh i ‘Rodlaib’ [gin.] ach foirm mheititéisithe den ainm eile úd ‘Rodolb’: féach ‘Rodlaib, TF. 863, Rodolbh, TF. 852. gen. Roduilbh, TF. 860. Hróðúlfr’ (‘Linguistic Value of the Irish Annals’ in Trans. Philolog. Soc. (1890) 422). (Cf. freisin Kelly agus Maas in Laois: history & society 134.) Tá tagairtí don Rodolb seo, céile comhraic eile a bhí ag Cearbhall, níos luaithe sna hannála:
852AD … Is in aimser si acht beag táinig Rodolbh co na shloghaibh d’innradh Osraighe. Ra thionoil dano Cearbhall mac Dunlaing slogh na n-aghaidh, & tug cath dhóibh, & ro mhaidhm fors na Lochlannaibh
(aistriúchán ÓD) Nearly at this time Rodolph came with his forces to plunder Osraighe. But Cearbhall, son of Dunlaing, assembled a host to oppose them, and gave them battle, and defeated the Lochlanns.
Agus arís:
856AD Ár la Cearbhall mac Dunlaing for muinntir Roduilbh i Slebh Mairge...
Ach bhain an scoláire Ioruach Marstrander bunús eile as an tagairt seo ‘[for longus] Rodlaibh’ in Bidrag til det norske sprogs historie i Irland (1915) 89. Dar leis go seasann ‘Rodlaib[h]’ do *Rodlaíb, litriú Sean-/Meán-Ghaeilge a chuireann an défhoghar -aí- in iúl (.i. -aoi- sa Nua-Ghaeilge), agus gur réadú é sin ar Shean-Ioruais -ei-. Aithníonn sé an bunainm Sean-Ioruaise: ‘Rodlaib TF 863, [Sean-Ioruais] Hróðleifr’. Tá a leithéid chéanna de ghaelú le fáil san ainm pearsanta SG Amlaíb < SIor. Áleifr (NG Amhlaoibh). Chun an défhoghar seo a chur in iúl baineann na hannála úd úsáid as idir litriú na Sean-Ghaeilge (-aí-) agus litriú na Nua-Ghaeilge Moiche (-aoi-), agus go deimhin tá an dá úsáid le fáil faoin mbliain 856AD ‘Amhlaoibh mac rí Lochlann do thoidheacht i n-Éirinn…’ tamaillín roimh ‘Ra bhaoi dna Amhlaibh i ffaradh Aodh ’sin maidhm-sa’. (Deir Marstrander freisin, i bhfonóta, go bhfuil amhras aige go bhféadfadh Hróðleifr a léamh ar an logainm ‘Longphort Rothlaibh AFM 860, [ar a dtugtar anois] Dún Rathlaigh’, agus é ag glacadh le heolas an Donnabhánaigh (1856) faoin logainm Gaeilge seo.)
Pléann Marstrander an t-ainm SG Rodolb in iontráil ar leith: ‘Rodolb TF [anno] 852 = Sean-Ioruais Hróðúlfr dar le Stokes ... Ach toisc Rhoaltr ag Vatn-stenen (8ú haois) cheana féin, is léir go dtagann Rodolb ó SIor. Rauðolfr’ (op. cit. 54 [aistrithe]).
Dar le Radner gur féidir an cuntas seo in Fragmentary Irish Annals a rianú siar go dtí annála comhaimseartha a bhí á gcoimeád i mainistir Laighneach, Cill Dara b'fhéidir. Níl an gaol idir na seanannála seo agus an iontráil ag na Ceithre Mháistrí a bhfuil longphort seachas longus le fáil ann go hiomlán soiléir. Ach tá níos mó dealraimh ar an litriú ‘Rothlaibh’ [gin.] ag na Ceithre Mháistrí má thuigtear é mar athchóipeáil ar MG -aíb(h) (NG -aoibh); cuir i gcás ‘Gaíthín’ san iontráil cheannann chéanna, ar léir gur MG Gaíthín = NG Gaoithín atá ann. Is fearr go mór é sin ná an Donnabhánach a áiteamh gur foirm ghinideach é ‘Rothlaibh’ d'ainm pearsanta gan urrús, *Rothlabh, réiteach a mhol sé agus leathshúil aige ar an logainm béarlaithe Dunrally de réir cosúlachta.
Agus an *Rothlabh seo curtha i leataoibh, mar sin, tá dhá mhíniú ar an ainm pearsanta atá le fáil sna mionannála (TF 1860, FIA 1978). Ar dtús, MG Rodlaíb, a rianaíonn Marstrander siar go dtí Sean-Ioruais Hróðleifr. *Rodhlaoibh an réadú a bheadh air sin sa Nua-Ghaeilge Mhoch, agus bheimis ag súil le *Rólaoibh nó a leithéid sa Nua-Ghaeilge. Ansin, tá an réiteach a mhol Stokes agus Radner (agus eile), mar atá, gur malairt foirme de MG Rodolb (< SIor. Hróðúlfr, Rauðolfr) atá ann. Ach tabhair faoi deara go bhfuil MG Rodolb le fáil sa Nua-Ghaeilge Mhoch mar Roolbh (m.sh. ‘Roolbh Mág Mathgamhna’ ARÉ anno 1314), rud a thabharfadh leithéidí Rólbh, Róla sa Nua-Ghaeilge.
Ó thaobh na teangeolaíochta de, is léir nach bhféadfadh éinne a mhaíomh go dtagann an logainm béarlaithe Dunrally as ceachtar den dá ainm seo, *Rólaoibh (< *Rodhlaoibh) ná Rólbh (< Roolbh), murab amhlaidh a tháinig truailliú as an ngnách ar an ainm. B'fhéidir gur féidir a chruthú gur lonnaíocht Lochlannach a bhí anseo bunaithe ar an bhfianaise seandálaíochta amháin, ach sin ceist eile; ní féidir, áfach, an logainm Dunrally a cheangal le hionradh seo na Lochlannach sna hannála. (Tá fadhbanna soiléire eile sa téacs Gaeilge a chuireann i gcoinne lonnaíocht fhadtéarmach a bheith ag an Rodhlaoibh seo in Éirinn, m.sh. go ndeirtear go soiléir nach raibh sé féin agus a loingeas ach díreach tagtha as an Lochlann nuair a scriosadh iad!)
Ní heol dúinn cén t-údar a bhí ag Ó Donnabháin leis an bhfoirm Ghaeilge ‘Dun-Rathlaigh’ a mhol sé in ARÉ (1856). Ar an gcéad fhéachaint is cosúil go raibh sé ag iarraidh an fhianaise a chur in oiriúint don teoiric, rud nár nós leis a dhéanamh. Ach is cinnte gur díol mór spéise nach luann sé Dún Rathlaigh ná Dunrally ná aon dún eile ar an mBearú i 1860 agus é ag plé leis an iontráil níos soiléire sna seanannála, ‘…for longus Rodlaibh…’.
Mar leis an leagan Gaeilge de Dunrally de, más ea, bíonn sé deacair anailís a dhéanamh ar logainm nach dtagann anuas chugainn ach aon fhoirm bhéarlaithe dhéanach amháin. Is ann do chúpla eilimint ar leith a thabharfadh -rally sa bhéarlú. Féach b'fhéidir eDIL s.vv. rail “a large oak”, railgech (NG railíoch) “resembling an oak”, a dtagann foirmeacha de i gceist i logainmneacha eile ar nós bf Raileach/Rallagh (Do 30), bf Cluain Raileach/Cloonrallagh (Lo 8, 9) (1629 ‘Clonrollie’), srl.
[AMGC]
- English
the fort of —?
The origin of the qualifying element is unclear.A description of this large fortification can be found in the Archaeological Inventory (‘Identified by E. Kelly of the National Museum of Ireland as a Longphort...’). John O’Donovan’s suggestion that this might have been the location of cosccradh longphuirt Rothlaibh mentioned by the Four Masters under the year 860AD, which has been followed by scholars ever since, is problematic.
In a letter written while on fieldwork in Laois in 1838, O’Donovan mentioned one of the translated extracts from the annals he had brought with him, which read as follows: ‘A.D. 860 The fort of Rothlaibh was devastated by Kennedy, the son of Gaithin, lord of Leix, on the 5th of September, on which occasion Conall Ultach and Lairgnen and many others were killed.’ O’Donovan remarked: ‘The fort of Rothlaibh is in all probability the present fort of Dunrally in the parish of Moyanna near the place where the river of Moonsanan falls into the Barrow’ (LSO (La) I 236).
The original Irish text is printed in his edition of the Annals (2nd. ed. 1856) as follows:
Cosccradh longphuirt Rothlaibh la Cindéittidh, mac nGaíthín, tighearna Laighisi isin cúiccidh Id September, agus marbhadh Conuill Ultaigh agus Luirgnen, go sochaidhibh oile immaille friú.
(O’Donovan’s translation) The destruction of Longphort-Rothlaibh by Cinneididh, son of Gaithin, lord of Laighis, on the fifth of the Ides of September; and the killing of Conall Ultach and Luirgnen, with many others along with them.
(footnote) Loughphort [sic!]-Rothluibh: i.e. the Fortress of Rothlabh. This is the place now called Dun-Rathlaigh, anglicè Dunrally, situated close to the River Barrow…
ARÉ I 496 n.x
An earlier account of the same event had also survived in a manuscript which O’Donovan was to edit in 1860, in Annals of Ireland: Three Fragments [TF]:
863AD Deargár do tabhairt do Chearball mac Dunlaing, & do Cinnéde mac Gaíthine .i. mac deirbhseathar Cearbhaill for longus Rodlaibh, & bá gairid reme tángattur a Lochlann; & Conall Ultach do mharbhadh ann agus Luirgnen, cum plurimis aliis.
A dreadful slaughter was made of the fleet of Rodlaibh, by Cearbhall, son of Dunlang, and by Cineide, son of Gaeithin, i.e. the son of Cearbhall’s sister; and they [the crews of the fleet] had arrived from Lochlann a short time before; and Conall Ultach and Lairgnen were slain there with many others.
(O’Donovan’s note:) The fleet of Rodlaibh.—The F.M., at A.D.860, make it Longphort-Rothlaibh, which may perhaps be a corruption of Longus Rothlaibh, i.e. Rodlaff’s, or Rodolph’s fleet.
Note that he makes no mention of Dunrally this time.
It may or may not be significant that in the RIA copy of the Annals of the Four Masters (RIA C iii 3) this entry is a later addition at the bottom of fol. 324r. The second word is the abbreviation ‘longp̄t’, suggesting that the corruption may have arisen in a miscopying of ‘longȝ’, an abbreviation for ‘longus’ “fleet”, somewhere along the line. In any case, the older annals do not mention a ‘fort of Rothla(i)bh’. In a more recent edition, Fragmentary Irish Annals, ed. Radner (1978), the relevant entry is found sub anno 862AD:
Deargár do thabhairt do Chearbhall mhac Dunlaing & do Cinnedigh mhac Gaithine, .i. mc. deirbhseathar Chearbhaill, for longus Rodlaibh, & bá gairid remhe tangattar a Lochlann; & Conall Ulthach do mharbhadh ann agas Luirgnen, cum plurimis alíis.
Cerball son of Dúnlang and Cennétig son of Gáethíne (i.e. the son of Cerball’s sister) defeated Rodolb’s fleet, which had come from Norway shortly before that; and Conall Ultach was killed there, and Luirgnén, and many others.
Radner’s translation renders the Irish name of the leader of this invasion ‘[… longus] Rodlaibh’ into English as ‘Rodolb[’s fleet]’ (see ‘Rodolb … (ON. Hróðúlfr) (Norw. Leader. Port Láirge): defeated by Cerball m. Dúnlaing …’ ibid. 226). Whitley Stokes had also taken this reference to ‘Rodlaib’ [gen.] to be a metathesised form of the name ‘Rodolb’ in ‘Linguistic Value of the Irish Annals’ in Trans. Philolog. Soc. (1890) 422: ‘Rodlaib, TF. 863, Rodolbh, TF. 852. gen. Roduilbh, TF. 860. Hróðúlfr’. (See also Kelly and Maas in Laois: history & society 134.) The personal name OIr. Rodolb does occur earlier in the fragmentary annals as the name of another adversary of Cearbhall mac Dúnlaing:
‘852AD … Is in aimser si acht beag táinig Rodolbh co na shloghaibh d’innradh Osraighe. Ra thionoil dano Cearbhall mac Dunlaing slogh na n-aghaidh, & tug cath dhóibh, & ro mhaidhm fors na Lochlannaibh’
[O’Donovan translates: ‘Nearly at this time Rodolph came with his forces to plunder Osraighe. But Cearbhall, son of Dunlaing, assembled a host to oppose them, and gave them battle, and defeated the Lochlanns.’]
Also again ‘Ár la Cearbhall mac Dunlaing for muinntir Roduilbh i Slebh Mairge…’ sub anno 856AD.
But the Norwegian scholar Marstrander analysed ‘…for longus Rodlaib…’ differently in Bidrag til det norske sprogs historie i Irland (1915) 89. He takes ‘Rodlaib’ to be *Rodlaíb, an Old/Middle Irish spelling containing the diphthong -aí- (Modern Irish -aoi-) as a realization of Old Norse -ei-, and identifies the underlying name as follows: ‘Rodlaib TF 863, [Old Norse] Hróðleifr’. An exact analogy is found in the more familiar name OIr. Amlaíb < ON Áleifr (Mod. Ir. Amhlaoibh). The annals in question use both Middle Irish and Early Modern Irish spellings of this diphthong, and indeed under the year 856AD ‘Amhlaoibh mac rí Lochlann do thoidheacht i n-Éirinn…’ is found shortly before ‘Ra bhaoi dna Amhlaibh i ffaradh Aodh ’sin maidhm-sa’. (Marstrander also states in a footnote that it is unlikely that Hróðleifr could occur in the placename ‘Longphort Rothlaibh AFM 860, [now] Dún Rathlaigh’, even taking O’Donovan’s information about the Irish name of Dunrally at face value.)
Marstrander treats of the name Rodolb separately: ‘Rodolb TF [anno] 852 = [Old Norse] Hróðúlfr after Stokes ... Since however Vatn-stenen (8th century) has already Rhoaltr, therefore Rodolb evidently comes from Old Norse Rauðolfr’ (op. cit. 54 [translated]).
Radner concluded that the account in the Fragmentary Irish Annals went back to contemporary annals kept in a Leinster monastery, possibly Kildare. The precise relationship between these older annals and the entry in the Four Masters which has longphort “(temporary) camp; stronghold” instead of longus “fleet” is unclear. However, the spelling ‘Rothlaibh’ [gen.] in the Four Masters also makes much better sense if taken to be a retention of Middle Irish -aíb(h) (Mod. Ir. -aoibh) in their exemplar; compare ‘Gaíthín’ in the very same Four Masters entry which clearly represents Mid. Ir. Gaíthín = Mod. Ir. Gaoithín. O’Donovan’s interpretation of ‘Rothlaibh’ as the genitive form of an unidentified personal name *Rothlabh is far less convincing, and seems to be made with the anglicized placename Dunrally in mind.
Discounting *Rothlabh, then, there are two possible readings of the personal name that appears in the fragmentary annals (O’Donovan 1860, Radner 1978). The first is Middle Irish Rodlaíb, traced back to the Old Norse name Hróðleifr by Marstrander. This would be realized in Early Modern Irish as Rodhlaoibh, and in Modern Irish as *Rólaoibh or similar. The second (less likely) reading, favoured by Stokes and Radner and others, is that the name is simply a corrupt genitive form of Middle Irish Rodolb (from Old Norse Hróðúlfr, Rauðolfr). But Middle Irish Rodolb is attested in Early Modern Irish as Roolbh (e.g. ‘Roolbh Mág Mathgamhna’ AFM anno 1314), which would give Rólbh, Róla or similar in Modern Irish.
It is quite clear that neither of these two Old Norse-derived names, *Rólaoibh (Rodhlaoibh) or Rólbh (Roolbh), could reasonably be proposed as the qualifying element in anglicized Dunrally, unless the placename underwent an entirely unanticipated corruption in the intervening years. Whether or not the fortification at Dunrally can be identified as a Viking longphort on archaeological grounds is separate question; as the evidence stands, however, the placename itself cannot be used to connect it to the Viking raid referred to in the annals.
We do not know what authority O’Donovan had for the Irish form he suggested in his edition of the Annals of the Four Masters, ‘[now called] Dun-Rathlaigh’. At first glance it appears to be an uncharacteristic attempt on his part to force the evidence to fit the theory. It is certainly striking to note that when confronted with the less ambiguous Irish text ‘…for longus Rodlaibh…’ a number of years later, he makes no mention at all of the fort of Dunrally.
As to the true derivation of Dunrally, it is difficult to analyse a placename for which only one very late anglicized form survives; there are a number of possible Irish words which could have been corrupted or simplified to -rally in English over the years. See perhaps eDIL s.vv. rail “a large oak”, railgech (mod. sp. railíoch) “resembling an oak” and derivatives in placenames such as bf Raileach/Rallagh (Do 30), bf Cluain Raileach/Cloonrallagh (Lo 8, 9) (1629 ‘Clonrollie’), etc.
[AMGC]
Tagairtí stairiúla
| 860AD |
?longphuirt Rothlaibh [g.]
|
|
| 862AD |
?longus Rodlaibh
Deargár do thabhairt do Chearbhall mhac Dunlaing & do Cinnedigh mhac Gaithine, .i. mc. deirbhseathar Chearbhaill, for longus Rodlaibh, [aistriúchán Radner: Cerball son of Dúnlang and Cennétig son of Gáethíne (i.e. the son of Cerball's sister) defeated Rodolb's fleet,...]
|
|
| 863AD |
?longus Rodlaibh
Deargár do tabhairt do Chearball mac Dunlaing, & do Cinnéde mac Gaíthine .i. mac deirbhseathar Cearbhaill for longus Rodlaibh, [aistriúchán ÓD: A dreadful slaughter was made of the fleet of Rodlaibh, by Cearbhall, son of Dunlang, and by Cineide, son of Gaeithin, i.e. the son of Cearbhall’s sister...] [nóta ÓD: The fleet of Rodlaibh.—The F.M., at A.D.860, make it Longphort-Rothlaibh, which may perhaps be a corruption of Longus Rothlaibh, i.e. Rodlaff’s, or Rodolph’s fleet.]
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Frag. Ann. Nóta eolais: eagrán Uí Dhonnabháin
|
| 1838 |
the fort of Dunrally
"The fort of Rothlaibh is in all probability the present fort of Dunrally in the parish of Moyanna near the place where the river of Moonsanan falls into the Barrow." [Ó Donnabháin]
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LSO (La) Imleabhar: I, Leathanach: 236
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| 1838 |
[Vicarstown (Dodd)]
"...'Dunrally Fort' and bridge..."
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Desc. Rem.:AL Uimhir thagartha: 44, Leathanach: 20
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| 1854 |
Dun-Rathlaigh
"[860AD ... Cosccradh longphuirt Rothlaibh] This is the place now called Dun-Rathlaigh, *anglicè* Dunrally, situated closed to the River Barrow."
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ARÉ Imleabhar: I, Leathanach: 496, Nóta eolais: x
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